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X-Ray Machine

Project Date: January 2022

Background/Motivation

I saw a popular YouTuber, William Osman, "build" an X-ray machine in a video. He spent a lot of money on a high voltage power supply and x-ray tubes to assemble his x-ray machine. I opted to build a far cheaper machine with things laying around my lab.

X-rays may be generated via Bremsstrahlung radiation (deacceleration of charged particles) in a vacuum. One way of doing this is to slam electrons into a metal surface. I happened to have a KRM150 high-voltage rectifier in my lab that can generate electrons via thermionic emission and accelerate them into a metal plate. Electrons must be subject to a very strong electric field to accelerate to a sufficient speed for x-ray generation. Typical voltages for this are on the order of 60kV.

Design Process

I used the output of the flyback circuit in my High Voltage Generator (set to around 15kV) as the AC input to a 6 stage voltage multiplier to increase the voltage to 90kV. I used two 20kV capacitors in series and two 20kV diodes in series for each stage of the multiplier to ensure I do not over-volt the circuit. I submerged the multiplier in oil to prevent arcs through the air.

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The (+) output of the voltage multiplier is set to the anode of the rectifier and the negative is set to the cathode. I supply ~13VAC from a variac to the filament to initiate thermionic emission. I did not have high-voltage resistors to properly load the output to the voltage multiplier to the tube, so I created a spark gap that closes the circuit to the tube only when the voltage is sufficient. This worked very nicely as a cheap alternative to a good high voltage supply. For imaging, I used cheap dental x-ray film. I am currently experimenting with phosphor screens for larger x-rays. I was able to produce viewable images at voltages of ~90kV and 20 seconds of exposure 1 cm away from the tube. Lead shielding was not required due to the very low energy x-rays being produced (dosage was ~15uSv where I was standing after several minutes of operation).

Results

Left: Index finger, Middle: Thumb, Right: Integrated Circuit 

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